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Neonatologist Workforce References:

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  1. Horowitz EN, Good M, Machut KZ, Ahmad K, Wright CJ, Lingappan K. NIH-Funded Neonatologist Physician-Scientists: An Exploration of Equity and Success. Pediatr Res (2025).

  2. Stroustrup, A., McNamara, P. J., Tipple, T. E. & Lakshminrusimha, S. Hours Based Scheduling in Neonatology: A Practical Approach. J Perinatol (2025).

  3. McAdams RM, Savich R, McNamara PJ, Lou L, Eickhoff JC, Lakshminrusimha S. Impact of Shift Durations on Sleep, Fatigue, and Wellness among Neonatologists: A Cross-Sectional Survey Analysis. J Perinatol 45, 589-594 (2025).

  4. Lakshminrusimha S, Steinhorn RH. Is it time for a separate residency and department in "Neonatal Critical Care Medicine"? J Perinatol 2025.

  5. Cuevas Guaman M, Bishop CE, Miller ER, Dammann CEL, Ahmad KA, Horowitz E, et al. Consensus Recommendations for Sustainable and Equitable Neonatology Staffing: A Delphi Approach. Pediatrics 2025.

  6. Yanni D, Scheid A, Sinha CB, Ramsey KW, Hempel B, Hubbard D, Pappagallo, M., Vargas, L., Gowda, S., Savich, R., Dammann, C., and Vyas-Read, S. Improving well-being among women in neonatology. J Perinatol. 2024.

  7. Velagala S, Gupta S, Bruno CJ, Johnston LC. Facilitating integration of international medical graduates into neonatal-perinatal medicine: a critical strategy to meet workforce demands. J Perinatol. 2024.

  8. Shah S, Myers P, Enciso JM, Davis AS, Crouch EE, Scheurer AM, Song, C., and Lakshminrusimha, S. Should neonatal-perinatal medicine move to two-year fellowships? J Perinatol. 2024;44(8):1222-1227.

  9. Lewis KO, Kilbride HW, Bose C, Burchfield DJ. Fundamentals of designing high-quality surveys: revisiting neonatal perinatal medicine survey applications. J Perinatol 2024, 44(6): 777-784.

  10. Lakshminrusimha S, Li ST, DeLemos CD, Moss CR, Hoffman J, Johnstone L, et al. Anticipating the Effects of ACGME-mandated Residency Curriculum Changes on NICU Staffing Models and Costs. J Pediatr 2024: 114210.

  11. Horowitz, E., Hudak, M., Peña, M., Vinci, R., and Savich, R. Child Health and The Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine Workforce: 2020-2040.  Pediatrics 2024, 153 (Suppl 2).

  12. Burr WH, Gottschlich EA, Kist TW, Somberg CA, Frintner MP, Cull WL. Response Rates and Nonresponse Bias Among 20 Years of Pediatrician Surveys. Acad Pediatr 2024.

  13. McAdams RM. Fatigue and fallibility: the perils of prolonged shifts for neonatologists. J Perinatol 2023, 43(12): 1530-1534.

  14. Yu J, Tyler Braun R, Bond AS, La Forgia AM, RoyChoudhury A, Zhang M., Kim, j., and Casalino, L. Physician Management Companies and Neonatology Prices, Utilization, and Clinical Outcomes. Pediatrics. 2023;151(4).

  15. Lorch SA. Profits, Providers, and Private Companies: What Happens When Wall Street Owns Your Neonatal Care. Pediatrics. 2023;151(4).

  16. Nestander, M., Day, C., Lucke, A., Gautam, S., Horowitz, E., Bernstein, S., and Bhatia, A.  Workforce Characteristics of Early Career Neonatologists and Comparison of Practice Sites.  American Journal of Perinatology.  2023.

  17. Bhatia, A., Nestander, M., Lucke, A., Bernstein, S., Gautam, S., Horowitz, E., and Day, C.  Factors Influencing Compensation of Early Career Neonatologists. Am J Perinatol 41, e1908-e1916 (2024).

  18. Stark AR, Pursley DM, Papile LA, Eichenwald EC, Hankins CT, Buck RK, et al. Standards for Levels of Neonatal Care: II, III, and IV. Pediatrics 2023.

  19. Horowitz, E., Ahmad, K., Good, M., Machut, K., Reddick, S., Wright, C., and Lingappan, K.  A Study of NIH Funded Neonatologist-Scientists: An exploration of gender differences across career stages. Platform Session, Pediatric Academic Society Meeting, Toronto, Ca (2024).

  20. Pena MM, Bonachea E, Bell M, Duara J, Okito O, Barrero-Castillero A, et al. Recommendations to improve recruitment and retention of underrepresented in medicine trainees in neonatal-perinatal medicine. J Perinatol 2022.

  21. 2022 AAP MidCaN Neonatal Provider Workforce Webinar Series (April – October 2022)

  22. Debay A, Shah P, Lodha A, Shivananda S, Redpath S, Seshia M, et al. Association of 24-Hour In-house Neonatologist Coverage with Outcomes of Extremely Preterm Infants. Am J Perinatol 2022.

  23. Olsen S, Gautham K, Kilbride H, Artman M, Lakshminrusimha S. Defining Clinical Effort for Hospital-Based Pediatricians. J Pediatr 2022, 246: 4-7 e3.

  24. Machut KZ, Kushnir A, Oji-Mmuo CN, Kataria-Hale J, Lingappan K, Kwon S, et al. Effect of Coronavirus Disease-2019 on the Workload of Neonatologists. J Pediatr 2022, 242: 145-151 e141.

  25. Machut KZ, Bhombal S, Escobedo M, Kataria-Hale J, Kushnir A, Lingappan K, et al. Call to action: gender equity in neonatology. J Perinatol 2022, 42(7): 982-983.

  26. Horowitz E, Bhatia A, Ruch-Ross H, Barone L, Hudak M. Comparison of NICU Medical Directors to Clinical Neonatologists.  AAP National Conference and Exhibition; 2022; 2022.

  27. Horowitz E, Bhatia A, Ruch-Ross H, Barone L, Hudak M. Comparing Professional Profiles of Neonatologist Clinicians With and Without an Academic Appointment.  AAP National Conference and Exhibition; 2022; 2022.

  28. Horowitz E, Bhatia A, Myers P, Ruch-Ross H, Barone L, Hudak M. A Look at Equity for Neonatologists Who Identify as Underrepresented in Medicine.  AAP National Conference and Exhibition; 2022; 2022.

  29. Horowitz E, Bhatia A, Myers P, Ruch-Ross H, Barone L, Hudak M. Comparison of Neonatal Training Program Directors to Clinical Neonatologists.  AAP National Conference and Exhibition; 2022; 2022.

  30. Horowitz, E., Bhatia, A., Ruch-Ross, H., and Hudak, M.  Gender Effect: Comparison of Gender Across Three Career Phases of a Neonatologist. Platform Session, Pediatric Academic Society Meeting, Denver, CO (2022).

  31. Horowitz, E., Bhatia, A., Ruch-Ross, H., and Hudak, M.  A Look at Five Self-Identified Career Paths of a Neonatologist. Poster Session, Pediatric Academic Society Meeting, Denver, CO (2022).

  32. Horowitz, E., Bhatia, A., Ruch-Ross, H., and Hudak, M.  Assessment of the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic on Neonatologist Workforce. Poster Session, Pediatric Academic Society Meeting, Denver, CO (2022).

  33. Machut, K., Horowitz, E., Hagan, J., Wright, C., Reddick, S., and Lingappan, K.  Impact of COVID-19 on NIH-funded Physician-Scientists in Neonatology.  Platform Session, Pediatric Academic Society Meeting, Denver, CO (2022).

  34. Lakshminrusimha S, Olsen SL, Lubarsky DA. Behavioral economics in neonatology-balancing provider wellness and departmental finances. J Perinatol 2022, 42(5): 683-688.

  35. Lakshminrusimha, S. et al. "Funds Flow" Implementation at Academic Health Centers: Unique Challenges to Pediatric Departments. J Pediatr 249, 6-10 e14 (2022).

  36. French HM, Leeman KT, Wambach JA, Malik SK, Group OFDW, Reber KM. Essentials of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine fellowship: an overview. J Perinatol 2022, 42(2): 269-276.

  37. Cuevas Guaman M, Miller ER, Dammann CEL, Bishop CE, Machut KZ. Neonatologist staffing models: urgent change is needed. J Perinatol 2022, 42(11): 1556-1557.

  38. Horowitz, E and Savich, R.  DOC IS in - Describing Our Careers Interactive Summary Initiative: Neonatologist.  Poster Section on Neonatal Perinatal Medicine Session at AAP National Conference and Exhibition, Philadelphia, PA (2021).

  39. Horowitz, E., Randis, T., and Savich, R. Using Data Visualization to Expand Publication Outreach and Engage Advocacy Stakeholders: Describing Our Careers Interactive Summary Initiative (DOC IS In): Neonatologist Gender Equity Edition. Poster Section on Neonatal Perinatal Medicine Session at AAP National Conference and Exhibition, Philadelphia, PA (2021).

  40. Bhatia, A., Day Richardson, C., Lucke, A., Horowitz, E., and Bernstein, S. Factors Influencing Compensation of Early Career Neonatologists. Poster Section on Neonatal Perinatal Medicine Session at AAP National Conference and Exhibition, Philadelphia, PA (2021).

  41. AAP TECaN and ONTPD Virtual Job Search Series – May 10th, 2021: Time, Salary, and Equity for Early Career Neonatologists​

  42. Horowitz E, Samnaliev M, Savich R. Seeking racial and ethnic equity among neonatologists. J Perinatol 2021, 41(3): 422-434.

  43. Horowitz E, Randis TM, Samnaliev M, Savich R. Equity for women in medicine-neonatologists identify issues. J Perinatol 2021, 41(3): 435-444.

  44. AAP TECaN and ONTPD Virtual Job Search Series - July 13th, 2020: Protected Time and Salary for Early Career Neonatologists​

  45. ​Makkar A, Siatkowski RM, Szyld E, Ganguly A, Sekar K. Scope of telemedicine in neonatology. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2020, 22(5): 396-408.

  46. Horowitz, E., Feldman, H., and Savich, R.  Neonatologist Salary: Factors, Equity, and Gender.  Journal of Perinatology.  39: 359-365 (2019)​.​​

  47. Keels EL, Goldsmith JP, Committee On F, Newborn. Neonatal Provider Workforce. Pediatrics 2019, 144(6).

  48. Freed GL. Bias in Physician Workforce Research. Pediatrics. 2019;144(3).

  49. Olsen S, Kilbride H. Development of a points-based system for determining workload for a neonatology full-time equivalent. J Perinatol 2018, 38(12): 1595-1601.

  50. Bensouda B, Boucher J, Mandel R, Lachapelle J, Ali N. 24/7 in house attending staff coverage improves neonatal short-term outcomes: A retrospective study. Resuscitation 2018, 122: 25-28.

  51. E FL, Brumberg HL, Aboudi D, Shah S. Making a business case for a model of regionalization with neonatologist availability at all facilities: one institution's financial tell-all. J Perinatol 2018, 38(8): 959-962.

  52. Tu JH, Profit J, Melsop K, Brown T, Davis A, Main E, et al. Relationship of Hospital Staff Coverage and Delivery Room Resuscitation Practices to Birth Asphyxia. Am J Perinatol 2017, 34(3): 259-263.

  53. Allen AR, Doherty R, Hilton AM, Freed GL. Inconsistencies in authoritative national paediatric workforce data sources. Aust Health Rev. 2017;41(6):688-692.

  54. Lodha A, Brown N, Soraisham A, Amin H, Tang S, Singhal N. Twenty-four-hour in-house neonatologist coverage and long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants. Paediatr Child Health 2017, 22(5): 249-254.

  55. Christou H, Dizon ML, Farrow KN, Jadcherla SR, Leeman KT, Maheshwari A, et al. Sustaining careers of physician-scientists in neonatology and pediatric critical care medicine: formulating supportive departmental policies. Pediatr Res 2016, 80(5): 635-640.

  56. Oishi PE, Klein OD, Keller RL, University of California San Francisco N, Pediatric Critical Care Early Faculty Development C. Developing physician-scientists in the fields of neonatology and pediatric critical care medicine: an effort to formulate a departmental policy. J Pediatr 2013, 163(3): 616-617 e611.

  57. Freed GL, Dunham KM, Loveland-Cherry C, Martyn KK, Moote MJ, American Board of Pediatrics Research Advisory C. Private practice rates among pediatric subspecialists. Pediatrics. 2011;128(4):673-676.

  58. Kourembanas S, Steinhorn R. In-house neonatology: what are we waiting for? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010, 182(6): 728-729.

  59. Jobe AH, Martin RJ. 24/7 neonatal intensive care unit attending physician coverage: a clash of missions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010, 182(6): 729-731.

  60. Mercurio MR, Peterec SM. Attending physician work hours: ethical considerations and the last doctor standing. Pediatrics 2009, 124(2): 758-762.

  61. Valcarcel M, Diaz C, Santiago-Borrero PJ. Training and retaining of underrepresented minority physician scientists - a Hispanic perspective: NICHD-AAP workshop on research in neonatology. J Perinatol 2006, 26 Suppl 2: S49-52.

  62. Penn AA. Perspectives of recent trainees on career choices in neonatology. J Perinatol 2006, 26 Suppl 2: S53-56.

  63. Dennery PA. Training and retaining of underrepresented minority physician scientists - an African-American perspective: NICHD AAP workshop on research in neonatal and perinatal medicine. J Perinatol 2006, 26 Suppl 2: S46-48.

  64. Philip AG. The evolution of neonatology. Pediatr Res 2005, 58(4): 799-815.

  65. Althouse LA, Stockman JA, 3rd, American Board of P. Pediatric workforce: a look at neonatal-perinatal medicine data from the American Board of Pediatrics. J Pediatr 2006, 148(6): 727-729.

  66. Stephansson O, Dickman PW, Johansson AL, Kieler H, Cnattingius S. Time of birth and risk of intrapartum and early neonatal death. Epidemiology 2003, 14(2): 218-222.
  67. Lee SK, Lee DS, Andrews WL, Baboolal R, Pendray M, Stewart S, et al. Higher mortality rates among inborn infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units at night. J Pediatr 2003, 143(5): 592-597.

  68. Goodman DC, Fisher ES, Little GA, Stukel TA, Chang CH. The uneven landscape of newborn intensive care services: variation in the neonatology workforce. Eff Clin Pract 2001, 4(4): 143-149.

  69. Goodman DC, Fisher ES, Little GA, Stukel TA, Chang CH. Are neonatal intensive care resources located according to need? Regional variation in neonatologists, beds, and low birth weight newborns. Pediatrics 2001, 108(2): 426-431.

  70. Schwartz RM, Kellogg R, Muri JH. Specialty newborn care: trends and issues. J Perinatol 2000, 20(8 Pt 1): 520-529.

  71. Pollack LD, Ratner IM, Lund GC. United States neonatology practice survey: personnel, practice, hospital, and neonatal intensive care unit characteristics. Pediatrics 1998, 101(3 Pt 1): 398-405.

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